Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Starbucks - Case Study Example However, today the luxury industry has seen some dramatic changes in changed market conditions. Increase in global competition has changed supply and demand patterns for the market according to Roux and Floch (1996) whereas Arghavan and Zaichkowsky( 2000) feel that it is counterfeited luxury goods that has changed the market conditions. Some feel that economic hardships have also changed market conditions. The changed market conditions have raised new challenges for marketing strategists of luxury brands. One thing is clear that no brand can claim that it is recession-proof even though one can find many instances where luxury brands have done well during recession. For instance, Rolls-Royce reported an increase in its in sales in 2008 and Hermes, a designer bag maker is also faring well. Luxury brands have to discover new and different ways in order to stay ahead. Luxury goods marketing men have to become more creative and cost conscious in order to make a success of the brands. Patrick Chalhoub, Joint CEO, Chalhoub Group, feels that in times of recession companies must have the ability to adapt and compete in the changed circumstances. According to him, "Times of recession bring an emphasis on change for both product and brand. Some of them may not have the capacity to adapt, compete or reinvest, while others will thrive in these circumstances†. Starbucks can be taken as an example on how things can go wrong in changed conditions. Starbucks Corporation that was founded in 1971 has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington. This chain of coffee houses saw tremendous growth and success and by 2007 had more than 15000 stores around the world. But suddenly in 2007 its performance slipped and its share prices began to decline. A combination of reasons, recession and overexpansion among them, was the cause of this decline. It had to bring back Howard Schultz to revive the company. This paper discusses the challenges of

Proofreadoing of Teenage Character Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Proofreadoing of Teenage Character Paper - Essay Example Marie answered without turning her face towards Noreen and said, â€Å" I am going to try-out for the Dance Team.† Noreen looked in amazement at Marie. Marie’s gaze was still fixed on the poster but now she had her hands resting on her heavy hips. Marie turned towards Noreen and nodded her head in anticipation of Noreen's inquiry. With an affirmative nod she said, â€Å"Yep that is just what I am going to do, I am trying out for the dance team.† Marie twirled around looking at herself in the mirror. She was wearing brown spandex ® tights and a gold leotard. She wrapped the dainty chiffon skirt that looked like it was infused with glitter around her full hips. She liked the way the fabric slid over her curvy body. Marie glanced at the clock. â€Å" Oh man, I’m going to be late.† She put on her thick sweater that fell just below her hips, about mid-thigh level. Marie opened the front door and stepped outside. The crisp fall air greeted her face and then acknowledged her body. She felt the cool air on her legs and glanced across the street to where Noreen lives, hoping for once Noreen would be standing outside waiting for her. Marie turned back to make sure she locked the door by jiggling the doorknob. She looked back towards Noreen's house as she walked down the steps and started across the street, warning out loud to no one, "Noreen, if you make me late ...† Just before Marie placed her foot on the first step of Noreen's porch, Noreen appeared at the door. She flung the door open and, in her usual bluster, almost half-out-of-breath said, â€Å"I’m sorry I am running late. Nellie would not get out of the bathroom†¦ and I had to fix my grandmother something to eat†¦ and I did not have time to eat myself, I will just have to eat my egg sandwich on the way†¦Oh, girl, let me make sure I have my keys.† Marie was not listening anymore, she had heard countless excuses as to why Noreen always seemed to be running late. Suddenly, it reminded her of the first time she met Noreen. Marie’s family had just moved to Merrill Street. The movers were bringing the last of the boxes into Marie’s new home and Marie's mom asked her to try to stay out of the way of the movers. So, Marie walked outside to take a look around her new neighborhood. She did not expect to see any older kids hanging out since it was a weekday and the kids would be in school. Marie was just standing outside on the porch looking at all her new neighbor's homes. The sound of a door opening caused Marie look across the street at a yellow house with a green door that suddenly flew open. A short and stout girl that looked to be around her age with big brown eyes and thick hair came rushing out of the door. Marie waved and said hello to the girl. The girl walked over and said, â€Å"Hi my name is Noreen, what’s your name?† â€Å" Hi, I’m Marie.† The two girls chatted on for a whil e, and then Noreen abruptly stopped mid-sentence and said, â€Å"Sorry, I have to run, I am late for school.† Marie yelled to Noreen, â€Å"Say, what time does school start anyway? â€Å" Noreen turned back in reply, â€Å" 8 o’clock!† Marie looked down at the time on her cell phone. It read 8:45 am. She watched Noreen storm down the sidewalk towards the school. Back in the present, Noreen interrupted her thoughts again. "I forgot to get some lunch money, can you loan me

Discuss the implications of the increasing length of annual reports Coursework

Discuss the implications of the increasing length of annual reports - Coursework Example Information on market prices is used as a reflection of publicly available knowledge concerning a company. Financial reporting of market prices enhances efficiency through provision of more disclosure despite some anomalies that occur in the process of reporting. Experimental literature supports the fact on displaying financial information such as comprehensive income, which have influence on investor’s decisions. Consequently, financial statistics provide useful facts such as earnings and financial ratios that at times prove more costly to extract since they are never revealed by market prices. However, demand for financial information arises from the requirements posed by pending decision task. Such demand requires some level of information processing capacity that is determined by simplicity in presentation and information load (Deloitte, 2010). According to Hall (2009) sheer volumes of disclosures within International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has substantially increased the length of annual reports (Morunga and Bradbury, 2012). There are adequate results showing the impact of information overload on processing strategies and outcome of annual reports. The increase in length is further attributed to increase in the size of financial section of the entire report. There is substantial increase in the notes explaining the accounts and accounting policies. Information on IFRS reconciliations and accounting policies on transition accounts for nearly over 5% of annual reports despite the items not necessarily required on a continuing basis. Elimination of such transition items still gives space for accounting policies as well as note disclosures under IFRS which consumes close to 20% of total space. Therefore, there is significant proof that different components of accounting policy such as general, IFRS transition, f inancial instruments as well as

Huckelberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Huckelberry Finn Essay I have decided to analyze three different journal articles related to the novel ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’, written by Mark Twain in 1884. I chose this topic because the novel is widely considered a masterpiece. In fact, Ernest Hemingway described its importance with the following sentence: â€Å"All modern American literature comes from a book by Mark Twain called ‘Huckleberry Finn’. In addition, the topic has a great interest because the novel has always been a subject of controversy due to racial issues and the alleged praise of juvenile delinquency that it portrays. The three articles that and I am going to comment on are the following: 1) Huckleberry Finn and America (Chicago Tribune, January 17, 2002) 2) Huck Finn, Censorship and the N-word Controversy, by Delia Lloyd (www. politicsdaily. com, January 6, 2011) 3) Light out, Huck, They Still Want to ‘Sivilize’ You, by Michiko Kakutani (The New York Times, January 6, 2011). Look more:  satirical play essay In order to compare and analyse these three articles, I am going to focus on two main points: the overall opinion that the authors of the different articles have about the book (which is usually very good) and what they comment on the controversial matters that  novel deals with. First of all, I will concentrate on the overall opinion that the authors express regarding ‘Huckleberry Finn’. On article 1, the author (whose name is not revealed) defines the novel in the following terms: ‘Few books in the U. S history have been as influential—or as controversial—as â€Å"Huckleberry Finn†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Furthermore, he added: ‘ â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† not only has survived the efforts to bury it, it has thrived and it has grown as a teaching tool’. As we could see, the author praises the novel strongly. In addition, he rejects the most critical opinions and defends Twain’s intentions (†¦Twain was  skewering hatred and racism, intolerance and religious bigotry, royalty and imperialism’). In the case of article 2, the author, Delia Lloyd, does not express a clear opinion about the novel itself. However, she declares herself as â€Å"a devotee of Mark Twain’, so it is likely to think that he has quite a positive opinion about the novel. Regarding article 3, its author, Michiko Kakutani, quotes Hemingway’s famous sentence about Twain at the beginning of the article. Apart from that, there are not any more explicit opinions about the novel itself. However, a thorough reading of the article evidences a strong defence of it, and the author shows a very defiant attitude with those who criticize it. In terms of controversy, the articles express different opinions and ideas, and the authors make clear what they think about the nature and the novel and the convenience of altering it. For instance, it is important to point out the different dates in which the articles were written. Whereas article 1 was written in 2002, articles 2 3 were written the very same day (January 6, 2011) and were triggered by the same cause (a university  professor, Alan Gribben, had written a new version of ‘Huckleberry Finn’ replacing controversial words such as ‘nigger’ or ‘injun’ for more neutral, inoffensive terms). The author of article 1 is very critical with those who aim to disapprove the novel. In fact, he stated: ‘Twain wrote satire, and there are glorious lessons in his books even if they ruffle readers or appear, simply in the telling of the unvarnished truth, to somehow glorify injustice and racism’. In addition, he ends the article with a sentence that leaves no doubt about his opinion regarding racial and social controversy arisen by the novel. (‘Huckleberry Finn is a glorious celebration of friendship and tolerance triumphing over the racism and hypocrisy of the day. That is why it’s a hard book to read—and why it is one of the greatest works of American Literature’). Delia Lloyd express a somehow ambiguous opinion about whether is convenient or not to introduce changes in the novel. On the one hand, she says to be ‘sympathetic’ with several authors quoted in her article, who are in clear contrast with Gribben’s version of the novel (for instance, Matt Blum is quoted as saying ‘How can we expect children to learn real history if we sanitize it for them? ’, whereas Elon James White argues that ‘the only way to get Americans to deal openly and honestly with prejudice is to force students to be uncomfortable with terms that—unpleasant though they may be—are part and parcel of our country’s blatantly racist past’). On the other hand, Delia Lloyd also makes some positive remarks about Gribben’s ideas later on in the article, probably based upon her experience as a mother (‘As a parent, however, I’m less sympathetic to Gribben’s critics’, or ‘†¦there are more practical reasons to think that having a cleaned-up version of â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† isn’t, as Salon’s. Mary Elizabeth Williams’ puts it, â€Å"the worst thing in the world† ‘). Finally, article 3 is opposed to change the original version of the novel. This could already be implied from the title, which misspells the word ‘civilize’. This is a clear reference to the tendency of some characters of the book to pronounce words wrongly. Michiko Kakutani develops this idea throughout the article, refuting Grribben with subtleness and irony. As a result, he sometimes describes Grubbin labour with adjectives in inverted commas (‘improved’) or using aggressive ones to refer to him and his work. (‘Being an iconic classic, however, hasn’t protected the novel from being banned, bowdlerized and bleeped’). To conclude, I must say that, after reading the novel and several articles related to it, I think that the novel should be preserved in its original state. As far as I’m concerned, such a masterpiece deserves to be respected and remain unaltered. In addition, teachers should be very careful when explaining it to children, and try to transmit them the real (and benevolent) intentions of Mark Twain. Bibliography -Huckleberry Finn and America (Chicago Tribune, January 17, 2002). An article  written in the scope of the PBS series directed by documentary filmmaker Ken Burns, which appeared shortly after the article. -Huck Finn, Censorship and the N-word Controversy, by Delia Lloyd (www. politicsdaily. com, January 6, 2011). It is an ambiguous article about the necessity of changing ‘Huckleberry Finn’’s most controversial parts. -Light out, Huck, They Still Want to ‘Sivilize’ You, by Michiko Kakutani (The New York Times, January 6, 2011). A strong defence of the novel and fierce critic of those who intend to change it. -Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Toni Morrison, 1992).

Ethical Issues in Globalization and International Marketing.

Ethical Issues in Globalization and International Marketing. ABSTRACT: The globalization of markets and increase in the productivity made several marketers and business persons to concentrate more on the ethical issues in cross-cultural settings. This article is mainly intended for ethical analysis and making decisions over the international marketing scenario. This paper provides few guidelines which may serve marketers in the area of marketing ethics. It is also used to assist out the marketers to behave in an ethical fashionable way. The local marketing conditions may differ out along from place to place, but some global marketing ethical principles should be applicable to all markets along the world. This Paper suggests creating a standard uniform code of ethics that will provide a solution to the problem of diversification in different cultures by implementing strategies in international marketing. Keywords: Globalization, International Marketing, Ethical principles. INTRODUCTION: Globalization and international marketing ethical issues are allied with one another. Steady increase in globalization lead to few problems which include ethics. From 1950 to 2000, world trade expanded almost 20-fold, far outstripping world output, which grew by six and a half times (WTO, 2001). Globalization refers to the process in which different cultures, societies and economies throughout the world will be connected and integrated through by a global network of transportation, communication, trade and business. This term is sometimes referred to as a economic globalization where several economies of the nations are combined through by a foreign investments, trade, capitalization, migration and many other factors. And it may be referred through by various other related terms. Increase in the globalization may result in many problems including ethical ones as both are related through in one way or the other. From past four decades the global trade increased by seven times where im ports, exports, trade and foreign investments played a major role in its increasing extent and surveillance. Even the cross border investments of small and medium ranging businesses are also increased almost five to six times in its productivity, yearly outflow and development along from the past 25 years and this meant that different persons are working along different geographical, social and marketing boundaries along worldwide. This shows out alternatively the related problems along with the change of different environments including ethical problems, financial and marketing personnel problems along locally and globally. If this trend continues the prophesies about globalization by Levitt will become reality in 2020. (Recep YÃ ¼cel, 2009) To manage out this trend fairly and situational there is a need to create universal ethical principles and norms. Theoretical Framework: Globalization: 2.1.1 History: According to Friedman (1999), globalization is:The inexorable integration of markets, nation States and technologies to a degree never witnessed before. Globalization is a term which was proposed and under veining its extent and development from thousands of years. But it significantly accelerated from 1980Â ´s after the demolishment of USSR. The word globalization is first employed in oxford dictionary in 1930. In considering the history of globalization, some authors focus on events since the discovery of the America in 1492, but most scholars and theorists concentrate on the much more recent past (www.globalpolicy.org).It was not until 1960Â ´s the term is widely used by economists and other social scientists. Since from its evolution the term is inspired to numerous and conceptive wordings and definitions dating back across the movements of different trading and cultural perceptive. United Nations termed the word globalization has many meanings and ways to define. According to it when using the term globalization in economical context it may refers to the one which cuts out the boundaries or barriers in between different nation s and establish out the smooth and efficient way for their trading and exchange which may include capitals, services, labor etc. Tom.J.Palmer described globalization as The diminution or elimination of state- enforced restrictions on exchanges across the borders and the increasingly integrated and complex global system of production and exchange that has emerged as a result. Roughly economic globalization is world trade and financial marketing integrated together. Globalization in other terms may refer as the process of forming global institutions. The global institutions are those which may be operated as that considering the entire world as single place. They may be distinguished from others in various terms such as in functioning at regional, national and international where each level may represent a different scope and set of social relationships. 2.1.2 Dimensions of Globalization: Globalization is the term which may be represented in various dimensions and it related to almost every fields of daily life. It differs from profession to profession i.e. for example it differs from some marketing staff to an engineer. Dimensions for globalization are as follows: (www.globalpolicy.org) Economics-Related to globalization in trading, finance, money, corporations and banking. Political-Related to science, governance, wars, peace, IGOS, NGOS, regimes. Sociology-Related to communities, conflicts, classes, nations, agreements. Psychology-Related to individuals as subjects and objects to global action. Anthropology-Related to overlapping of cultures, adapting, clashing, merging. Communications- Related by considering information as knowledge and tools-internet. Geography- Everything provided it can be anchored to as space. We do not consider globalization as some purely economical, industrial or some financial term which may relate or revolve through problems like free trade or some expanding role of financial and industrial markets. We consider globalization as a multi dimensional term and in fact it is a spectrum of four processes. Building the global economy Formation of world opinion Democratization, or the creation of a global economy The emergence of global political institutions. Building the global economy is the process where when once got up in the longer run its evolution related to international and interregional trade is primarily a function not of actual and growing gnp but will potential for structural change. The rapid emergence of global financial markets over the past two decades and they particularly effect the foreign exchange field and other forms of international investment will lead to reduce the influence of even major governments on their economy and in global economies and might loosen out the links between economic and political power has been broken out. According to Kongar, globalization has three dimensions. These are political, economic, and cultural aspects of globalism (www.kongar.org). Formation of the world opinion is the process where the working of the world system and all its conditions and actions of the participants are oriented to a common set of problems coming out from responsive to common aspirations and emerging out from world-wide problems. It is a process of social construction which contains both the reality and the values. Reality helps us to make sense of the world and values help us to keep priorities which we can accept some and to reject parallel. Democratization is the process in which one can define in narrow and the broadest terms. In broader term one may be defined it as a learning process in which humans can try to learn itself in the condition of `equality under law`. Similarly in narrower context we can define it more precisely as accumulation of conditions necessary for possible emergence of a global community, community of democracies and a global level association of a democratic character. Global Institutions: The emergence of global institutions is the process which shows up to what extent the global institutions will sort out the effect of globalization. When comes to globalization in international business it splits out to two faces one in markets and the other in production. The globalization of marketing side is the one in which merging of historically distinct markets in order to convert it into a huge global market and globalization of production refers to the merging of goods and services from although the world to take advantages in several national conditions like the difference in cost and quality factors etc. As markets globalize and increasing in cost factor and productivity, several globalized institutions are formed to manage out the matters related to this such as to manage, regulate the policies and to form several multinational treaties to govern the globalized business system. From past 55 years more number of global institutions has evolved to perform these tasks they are, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO); the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its twin sister, the World Bank and the United Nations (UN). All these institutions were created by voluntary agreement between individual nation-states, and their functions are enshrined in international treaties. (Hill, ibid: 9) All the above institutions play a major role in developing international business ethical rules and regulations. World Trade Organization is mainly responsible to guide and focus on all the countries who signed the treaty. Till date W.T.O has mo re than 145 nations and its purpose is to develop multinational agreements between the country member states. (www.imf.org). Global Business Strategies: Theodore Levitt (1983: 92-102) has argued that, due to the advent of modern communications and transport technologies, consumer tastes and preferences are becoming global, which is creating global markets for standardized consumer products. Local companies deal with overseas business investment and trade, managers must identify that managing international business vary from managing local business. We can observe that each country is unique, in culture, laws, legal systems, political factors and economy of country. Despite widespread globalization, still there are many big and enduring differences between the countries (Hill, ibid:. 19-37). Marketing strategies change from country to country as there is difference in culture and other factors. If we assume marketing strategy used in India may not be applied in Sweden and the strategy implemented in Sweden is not implemented in USA because of difference in various factors among countries for instance if we consider advertising in Germany it is illegal to use comparative advertising (Cateora Graham,2005: 483). Kuwait government controlled TV network to allows only 32 minutes of advertising per day in the evening (Sunil Erevelles and his colleagues,2002). According to Barlett and Ghoshal (1989), firms can use four strategies an international strategy, a multi-domestic strategy, a global strategy and a transnational strategy. Company use international strategy focus on transferring skills and its products transformed from different overseas market and give less importance to local markets. Organizations implements multi domestic strategy alters their marketing and business strategy to local or domestic conditions. Companies implement global strategy focus on acquire cost reductions produced from experience curve effects and local economy. Company implement transnational strategy involves a parallel focus on declining of costs, transferring skills and products. Ethical Problems in International Marketing: Research in Marketing Ethics is defined as the systematic study of how moralstandards are applied to marketing decisions, behaviors and institutions (Laczniak andMurphy 1993). 2.2.1 History of Ethics: Ethics is related to the field of philosophy concerned with morals and values. Ethics is divided into five branches: Meta ethics, Political ethics, normative ethics, virtue ethics and practical philosophy. Meta-Ethics: It focuses more on the grounds used to justify moral judgment than moral creating moral judgment. This ethics is just descriptive. Political-Ethics: It is concerned more on testing good society and the origins of political power such as government. Normative-Ethics: It is related to the developing theories which decide the actions done by human are right or wrong. Deontological ethics, utilitarian ethics and virtue ethics are all normative. Practical-Ethics: This ethics uses ethical principles and theories in practical environment such as, medical ethics, business ethics etc.

How many wolves are too many? :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1922 the federal government passed a law that allowed wolves in Yellowstone National Park to be hunted. In just four years later the last wolf was hunted. In 1995, the gray wolf was reintroduced to the park. The government started off by introducing 31 wolves in the Montana and Wyoming parts of the park. Now 116 wolves now live and more then 75 pups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The controversy surrounding the reintroduction of the wolves are many from both sides. Some local farmers are against it because some wolves hunt their animals. However, if the farmers can prove their animal was attacked by a wolf, then the government would reimburse them for the animals value. Another problem is that some taxpayers are against the reintroduction because it cost them money to get the wolves back into the park. Another issue for taxpayers is that they have to pay for the damage the wolves do to the farmer’s animals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pro for the reintroduction is the ecosystem is healthier. With the reintroduction, the wolf hunts sick deer and elk. The weak are sorted out and the strong survive. The same goes for the wolves. The wolves that are injured or have diseased cannot survive. When they die scavengers get to eat their meat, which contributes to the ecosystem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another pro is more people come to Yellowstone National Park to see the wolves since they were extinct for more then 30 years. According to the National Parks Conservation Association, an average of 15,000 people see a wolf in Yellowstone a year. Douglas Smith, who is doing research about the wolves, recording a wolf sighting for 135 straight days from the park roads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In other parks, the federal recovery program is going well. At Isle Royale National Park in Michigan, wolf’s population reached 29, which is the maximum number to survive in the ecosystem. Those 29 wolves can easily live sustainable off the 210 square miles of land. The state of Minnesota has more then 2,500 wolves living and roaming the lands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many controversies surrounding the wolf protection policy. From the view of the farmers who loss there live stock, I understand why they would not want the wolves reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park or any place else. The problem I have with it is how does the government find market value for a cow? Is it a flat rate? Many questions surround the value of a cow or any other livestock.

First Great Awakening

Revival history is an interesting topic and one that can be explored at great depths. Revivals of the past, if looked at through the right lens, can awaken hope and desire for God to move again, even in the darkest times. Revivals show us that God is still very much active and interested in His people. The Father desires that we would know Him as a real Person and who loves to make Himself known through His Son Jesus. I wrote my paper on the First Great Awakening mainly because I am from New England and I have a passion to see the church set ablaze again in that area.The heritage is so rich in that land and I believe that the Lord would love to encounter His people again with a great spiritual awakening. Below, I will go over the Great Awakening in detail discussing the dates, location, key leaders, scope of impact, main features, main message, controversial aspects, principles learned, and our application for today. The First Great Awakening was a religious revitalization movement t hat took place in the northeast, mainly in the New England area.The Great Awakening spread throughout the colonies on the eastern seaboard. The dates of when the First Great Awakening began vary due to the opinion of the chosen historian. Most say that the dates begin somewhere in the early 1700’s – 1740’s. The earliest stirrings of revival were recorded in the 1730’s in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The next noticeable move of God was in Northampton, Mass around 1734 – 36. The final thrust of awakening took place   in the 1740s with the arrival of the powerful orator and itinerant speaker, George Whitefield.A contributor to the National Humanities Center validates these claims by informing, â€Å"The earliest manifestations of the American phase of this phenomenon—the beginnings of the First Great Awakening—appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Led by the Tennent family—Reverend William Tennent, a Scot s-Irish immigrant, and his four sons, all clergymen—the Presbyterians not only initiated religious revivals in those colonies during the 1730s but also established a seminary to train clergymen whose fervid, heartfelt preaching would bring sinners to experience evangelical conversion.Originally known as â€Å"the Log College,† it is better known today as Princeton University. †1 When looking historically at the Great Awakening, many may not recognize that the hand of the Lord was already starting to awaken hunger for revitalization of religion before the man Jonathan Edwards came on the scene. While serving as the new local congregational minister of a Northampton church, Jonathan Edwards noticed the spiritual dullness and condition of the town. He wrote this quote: â€Å"Just after my grandfather's death, it seemed to be a time of extraordinary dullness in religion.Licentiousness for some years prevailed among the youth of the town; they were many of them very much addicted to night-walking, and frequenting the tavern and lewd practices, wherein some, by their example, exceedingly corrupted others. † 2 Afterward, Jonathan was moved to the point of calling the young people to gather into small groups to join for prayer and a time of discussion. The next recognized stirrings began in December 1734 of Northampton, Massachusetts. Two well known young people died in the town and the population began to become concerned with death, life after death, eternity and other spiritual matters.In this stirring context, Edwards began preaching a teaching series on Justification by faith alone. It was at this point that six young people were converted. One of whom was a young girl who was said to be known by many young men in the town, meaning she was very immoral. The town of Northampton was shaken to its very core and three hundred more conversions took place following the initial 6. With the entire town boasting 1,100 people, this equates to 25% of the population getting saved. About a year later in 1736, the town went back to normal mainly due to the suicide of Jonathan Edward's uncle.The next wave of revival to hit New England was in 1740 upon the revival of George Whitefield. He was another key figure and leader during this great spiritual awakening and stirring. George at one point spoke to 30,000 people in England. The night before he died he saw that 2,000 people had gathered out his home so he went to his balcony and preached on the excellencies of Christ. The key leaders of the Great Awakening as mentioned previously were Gilbert Tennent, Jonathan   Edwards and George Whitefield. Gilbert Tennent was born in 1703 in Ireland and was the son of William Tennent.Gilbert had immigrated to the United States in 1718 and lived in Pennsylvania. After wrestling over his salvation during his teen years he was converted at 20 years old in 1723. It was only three years later that he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. Ten net was a stirring speaker and from his sermons he led many into a conversion experience. In 1739 Gilbert met George Whitefield and went on tour with him throughout New England. They both shared a great passion for revival. While on tour Gilbert introduced George to many different ministers which aided in making the tour a great success.When George returned to England, Tennet continued on with preaching throughout New England and from these speaking engagements little revivals sparked. The revivals in New England were scattered but aided in creating what we now call â€Å"The Great Awakening†. Jonathan Edwards, a native to the New England area was born in East Windsor, Connecticut on October 5, 1703. Jonathan grew up as the only son out of 11 children. From a young age he lived a life of prayer and study in the word. He also studied many topics and was one of the most brilliant minds to be produced on American soil.Edward’s didn’t have his actual conversion expe rience until January 12, 1723. Jonathan studied the bible 13 – 14 hours a day and wrote over 120 pieces of literature which many can still be found. Edward’s was bold in his proclamation of the truth and didn’t not shy away from it even when it was uncomfortable for the people. Edward’s desire for doctrinal purity is admirable and the dedication and devotion given to it is worth reduplicating. George Whitefield was born on December 16, 1714 in Gloucester England. George was the youngest of seven children.He was not raised in a Christian home but rather one that was dysfunctional. His father passes away when he was at the mere age of two. His mother did eventually remarry but it was indicated that the marriage was not peaceful. In 1733 Whitefield met the infamous ‘Wesley brothers† while studying at Pembroke College in Oxford. John and Charles Wesley at that time were leading what is known as the Holy Clubs and before Whitefield even had his con version experience he was apart of the holy clubs for 3 years. The schedule was one that was very rigors and it must have been the hand of the Lord to keep him enough content to stay.It took a very serious illness to confront him on his internal state while in England. Whitefield’s accomplishments are quite amazing he pioneered open air, square and field meetings. The church walls were filled to beyond capacity and thousands had to be turned away from hearing him. The scope of impact of the great awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over it had spread throughout the colonies of the eastern seaboard. The revival had great impact on the church and saw 1000’s of sinners saved.The revival did more than effect the spiritual climate it also had an impact on the social and governmental levels. A contributor from a website dedicated to the Great Awakening gives more details on the scope of impact â€Å"The effect of Great Awakening unity was an attitude that went against the deferential thinking that consumed English politics and religion. Rather than believing that God's will was necessarily interpreted by the monarch or his bishops, the colonists viewed themselves as more capable of performing the task. The chain of authority no longer ran from God to ruler to people, but from God to people to ruler.The children of revivalism later echoed this radicalism and popular self-righteousness in the American Revolution, when self-assertion turned against the tyrannical ways of George III. It was not to any church that the signers of the Declaration of Independence appealed to, but directly to the â€Å"Supreme Judge of the World†. It was through the revivalism of the first half of the Eighteenth Century that the colonists were finally able to step out from under the protectorate of the established Christian churches and assert religious control over their own nation's destiny. In other words the Colonists re alized that religious freedom and power rested in their own hands and not in the church of England anymore. Some of the main features of the Great Awakening were men and women turning away from religious apathy and turning back to their puritan roots. Others who were not saved were being confronted with their need for a savior and the reality of eternity. Upon and from the arrival of George Whitefield in 1740 to Northampton Massachusetts where Edward’s resided the awakening spread wherever George went as he was an itinerant speaker who spoke mainly in open fields.One of the most famous messages was preached on July 8, 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut titled â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†. The revival was titled the â€Å"Great Awakening† with good reason as it was a movement of religious revitalization within and outside of the church. The people of the towns had an understanding of faith as they or their father’s had come from England to have fr eedom of expression in their worship. But they had turned apathetic especially with the entrance of the Half Way Covenant.Essentially people who were baptized and lived half way decent lives but made no public confession of Christ were allowed to bring their children in to be baptized which led to people who did not profess to being Christians partaking of the Lord's Supper. This over time created a church that was disconnected from their state of desperation and need for a savior to save them from their sin. The main message was about justification by faith. Men and women were cut to the heart as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield spoke to them the word God.They could not be saved by works alone but it must be an inner working of the heart and faith in Jesus Christ alone. The preachers were calling them up higher from just a Sunday morning church goer mentality. One of the main controversial aspects of the Great Awakening was the phenomena that took place during some of the ser vices. Much opposition was stirred among conservative congregational ministers so Edwards wrote in defense â€Å"The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God† dealing with much of the bodily affects.He noted that these bodily affects were not necessarily a work of the spirit which forced him to write another apology in 1742 called â€Å"Thoughts on Revival in New England† noting the great moral improvement. Another one of the controversies which is still around to this day is the called the Old Lights and New Lights. The New Lights were those congregants who had a new light or perspective on sin and atonement. They were also those who also felt that the revival was from the Lord and that they would be able to continue in that kind of environment.The old lights were ones that did not like or enjoy change but wanted to keep things the way that they were. They were skeptical of the revival and depending upon which branch of the denomination they were from they took a stance with their view point. The old lights were also apprehensive because they were afraid that the new lights would act in rebellion and that they may possibly be a threat to authority.1http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken. htm  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   2Edwards,   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jonathan. A   Ã‚  Ã‚   Narrative of Surprising Conversions. Wilmington, DE: Sovereign Grace Publ. , 1972. Print.